Desertification

Land Desertification refers to land degeneration, which is also called 'Soil desertification'(Figure 1）

Figure 1:Desertification

In 1992, United Nations Environment and Development Conference made this definition for Desertification concept: "Desertification is a result to the factors of climate change and human unreasonable economic activities, which makes degradation occurs in the arid, semi-arid and sub-humid lands.

Figure 2: Soil degradation around the world

With the development of the society, desertification has become not only an ecosystem problem, but also an economical and social problem which could bring poverty and social instability. by the end of 1996, the total amount of desertification lands all around the world has reached 36 million square kilometer, accounting for 25% of  total land area on the earth. Countries around the world affected by desertification has more than 100, although people of all countries are conducting fight desertification, but at an annual rate of 50,000-70,000 expanded square kilometers, equivalent Ireland area. The twentieth century, the world will lose about a third of arable land. In humans in many of today's environmental problems, desertification is one of the most serious disasters. For people threatened by desertification, desertification means that they will lose the basis of being more basic - the disappearance of productive land. As we could see from Figure 2, the most serious degradation concentrates on Africa, China and the countries around the Mediterranean.
The causes of Desertification is various, including natural causes, climate causes, and human irrational production activity. Based on the causes, the management of desertification is obvious.

Figure 3:Plant in the polygonal ground

1. Setting sand-protecting barrier at migratory dune to weaken the erosion of wind and at the meanwhile save the rainfall to promote plant growth.
2. Control the development density of water resources, biological resources and land resources and avoid over-destroy the natural plants. Therefore, protecting and rebuilding the desert ecosystem is the basic way to restrict the expansion of desertification.
3.Control the population. Keep the population in the range of Environmental Bearing Capacity.
4. Plant more psammophytes in the desert areas to prevent the expansion of desert and promote the quality of land.
5. Using the water resources in an efficient way in terms of drawing water, water delivery and irrigation.

All in all, in the desertification, human activities play an important role; therefore, it`s no time to delay for human to take some actions to protect our own earth!




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How to prevent from school bullying?

How to prevent from school bullying?

  If we want to live in a high quality of life, we cannot just focus on the external environment, but also we should care about the internal situation which is the psychological health. Bullying is a kind adverse impact on individual health.

  

What is bullying?

  Bullying is the use of force, threat, or coercion to abuse, intimidate, or aggressively dominant others. The bullying is divided into four basic types of abuse:

1.    emotional (or can be called relational)

2.    verbal

3.    physical

4.    cyber

One of most serious kind of bullying is school bullying which is a type of bullying that occurs in an educational setting. The school bullying may be more specifically characterized by five aspects as the following:

• An intention to harm
• Victimization distress
• Repetition
• Power inequity
• Provocation

How to prevent this kind of problem?

  Many parents may concern more about this issue for that they are afraid of their children would be treated like that. First of all, parents should stay connected with your child. The more you know about his or her friends and the details about his or her interactions eith classmates and peers, the more likely you are to spot any changes in your child's social interactions. If you communicate well with your child, when they get in trouble, they may ask you for help at first.

  Secondly, you should explain to your children what is school bullying, especially young children, they may not understand that hitting someone is bad. And parents also should tell your childern other kinds of bullying behaviours.

  Then, the children should be aware of how to deal with a school bullying. Children should understand what is school bullying, and should be educated that they cannot do the bullying behaviours. However, when they face the situation, they also should know how to deal with this issue. Asking teachers for help is a effective method, teachers have the right to protect children and provide a healthy study environment.

  Children need a healthy and positive circumstances to study, and we adults should provide them this kind of surroundings.

Pictures from the following websites:

http://www.hero911.org/ways-to-stop-bullying-in-schools/

http://nobullismo.altervista.org/page/10/